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not for internal use

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1 not for internal use

iekšķīgi nelietot

English-Latvian dictionary > not for internal use
2 internal

in'tə:nl
adjective

1) (of, on or in the inside of something (eg a person's body): The man suffered internal injuries in the accident.) interno

2) (concerning what happens within a country etc, rather than its relationship with other countries etc: The prime ministers agreed that no country should interfere in another country's internal affairs.) interior

•

- internally
- internal combustion

internal adj interno / interior

an internal organ un órgano interno

internal

tr[ɪn'tɜːnəl]

adjective

1 interno,-a

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

internal audit auditoría interna

internal inquiry investigación interna

internal combustion combustión nombre femenino interna

internal examiner examinador,-ra interno,-a

internal medicine medicina interna

internal organ órgano interno

Internal Revenue SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Hacienda

internal [ɪn'tərnəl] adj

: interno, interior

internal bleeding: hemorragia interna

internal affairs: asuntos interiores, asuntos domésticos

♦ internally adv

internal

adj.

• interior adj.

• interno, -a adj.

• intestino, -a adj.

ɪn'tɜːrnḷ, ɪn'tɜːnḷ
adjective interno

not for internal use — para uso externo

[ɪn'tɜːnl]
1. ADJ

1) [wall] interior; [affairs, conflict, divisions] interno

2) (Med) [bleeding, examination, organ, injury] interno

2.

CPD

internal audit N — auditoría f interna

internal combustion engine N — motor m de combustión interna or de explosión

internal market N — mercado m interno or interior

Internal Revenue Service N — (US) ≈ Hacienda f

* * *
[ɪn'tɜːrnḷ, ɪn'tɜːnḷ]
adjective interno

not for internal use — para uso externo

English-spanish dictionary > internal
3 internal

[in΄tə:nl] a ներքին, ներսի. internal injure/bleeding ներքին վնաս վածք/ար յո ւ ն ա հոսու թյուն. not for internal use միայն արտաքին գործած ման համար. an internal combustion engine ներքին այրման շարժիչ. internal law ներ քին/ներ պետա կան իրավունք/օրենք. internal politics ներքին քա ղաքականություն. հմկրգ. internal interrupt ներ քին ընդհատում. internal me mory ներքին հիշող սարք. internal sort ներքին տեսա կա վորում internal timer ներդրված թայմեր

English-Armenian dictionary > internal
4 internal

adjective

1) inner...; Innen[winkel, -durchmesser, -fläche, -druck, -gewinde, -abmessungen]

2) (Physiol.) inner... [Blutung, Sekretion, Verletzung]

3) (intrinsic) inner... [Logik, Stimmigkeit]

4) (within country) inner... [Angelegenheiten, Frieden, Probleme]; Binnen[handel, -markt]; innenpolitisch [Angelegenheiten, Streitigkeiten, Probleme]; (within organization) [betriebs-/partei]intern [Auseinandersetzung, Post, Verfahren[sweise]]; inner[betrieblich/-kirchlich/ -gewerkschaftlich usw.] [Streitigkeiten]

5) (Med.) innerlich [Anwendung]

6) (of the mind) inner... [Monolog, Regung, Widerstände, Groll]

* * *
[in'tə:nl]
adjective

1) (of, on or in the inside of something (eg a person's body): The man suffered internal injuries in the accident.) inner

2) (concerning what happens within a country etc, rather than its relationship with other countries etc: The prime ministers agreed that no country should interfere in another country's internal affairs.) Innen-...

•

- academic.ru/88290/internally">internally
- internal combustion
* * *

in·ter·nal

[ɪnˈtɜ:n^əl, AM -ˈtɜ:r-]

adj inv innere(r, s); (within a company) innerbetrieblich; (within a country) Binnen-

\internal affairs/bleeding innere Angelegenheiten/Blutungen

\internal borders Binnengrenzen pl

\internal investigation/memo interne Nachforschungen/Mitteilung

\internal trade Binnenhandel m

for \internal use only vertraulich

* * *
[ɪn'tɜːnl]
adj
(= inner) innere(r, s); (MATH) angle, diameter Innen-; (= within country) Binnen-, im Inland; (= within organization) policy, debate, investigation, mail, examination intern
internal examiner (Univ) — interner Prüfer, interne Prüferin

internal flight — Inlandsflug m

Internal Revenue Service (US) — Steueramt nt, Finanzamt nt

internal trade — Binnenhandel m

internal telephone — Haustelefon nt

internal wall — Innenwand f

* * *

internal [ınˈtɜːnl; US ınˈtɜrnl]

A adj (adv internally)

1. inner(er, e, es), inwendig:

internal angle MATH Innenwinkel m;

internal ear ANAT Innenohr n;

internal evidence JUR reiner Urkundenbeweis;

internal h(a)emorrhage MED innere Blutung;

he died of internal h(a)emorrhage er verblutete innerlich;

internal injury MED innere Verletzung;

internal medicine innere Medizin;

internal organs innere Organe;

internal rhyme LIT Binnenreim m;

internal specialist → internist;

internal telephone Hausapparat m;

internal thread TECH Innengewinde n;

he was bleeding internally er hatte innere Blutungen

2. MED, PHARM innerlich anzuwenden(d):

“not to be taken internally” „nicht zur inneren Anwendung“

3. inner(er, e, es), innerlich, geistig:

the internal law das innere Gesetz

4. einheimisch, in-, binnenländisch, Inlands…, Innen…, Binnen…:

internal flight Inlandsflug m;

internal loan WIRTSCH Inlandsanleihe f;

internal market Binnenmarkt m;

internal trade Binnenhandel m

5. POL inner(er, e, es), innenpolitisch, Innen…:

internal affairs innere Angelegenheiten

6. a) intern:

internal union affairs gewerkschaftsinterne Angelegenheiten

b) WIRTSCH (betriebs)intern, innerbetrieblich: → auditing

B s

1. pl ANAT innere Organe pl

2. wesentliche Eigenschaft

3. MED gynäkologische Untersuchung

int. abk

1. intelligence

2. WIRTSCH interest

3. interim

4. interior

5. internal

6. international

* * *

adjective

1) inner...; Innen[winkel, -durchmesser, -fläche, -druck, -gewinde, -abmessungen]

2) (Physiol.) inner... [Blutung, Sekretion, Verletzung]

3) (intrinsic) inner... [Logik, Stimmigkeit]

4) (within country) inner... [Angelegenheiten, Frieden, Probleme]; Binnen[handel, -markt]; innenpolitisch [Angelegenheiten, Streitigkeiten, Probleme]; (within organization) [betriebs-/partei]intern [Auseinandersetzung, Post, Verfahren[sweise]]; inner[betrieblich/-kirchlich/ -gewerkschaftlich usw.] [Streitigkeiten]

5) (Med.) innerlich [Anwendung]

6) (of the mind) inner... [Monolog, Regung, Widerstände, Groll]

* * *

adj.

innenpolitisch adj.

innerbetrieblich adj.

intern adj. n.

innerpolitisch adj.

English-german dictionary > internal
5 not ready for prime time

•• * В одной из статей о перспективах установления демократического режима в Ираке встретилась следующая фраза: Perhaps it won’t work. Maybe the Iraqis are not ready for prime time yet. Вспомнились 1970-е годы, Чеви Чейс, покойные Джон Белуши и Гилда Раднер, передача Saturday Night Live на NBC. Если еще сравнительно недавно это выражение можно было считать аллюзией или своего рода цитатой, то сейчас это, на мой взгляд, вошедшее в язык фразеологическое сочетание. Пока его удалось найти включенным только во Free Online Dictionary of Computing:

•• Not ready for prime time: Usable, but only just so; not very robust; for internal use only. Said of a program or device. <...> This term comes from the ensemble name of the original cast of “ Saturday Night Live,” the “Not Ready for Prime Time Players.”
•• Действительно, это выражение часто используется в материалах по компьютерной тематике. Например:
•• Web Services: Not Ready for Prime Time <...> had sound and X-server config problems – again, on the desktop, not ready for prime time.
•• Но оно все чаще встречается и в других контекстах. Вот заголовок статьи о новом подсластителе:
•• Stevia: Not Ready For Prime Time. More Research Needed To Answer Safety Questions About “ Natural” Sweetener.
•• И, наконец, проникновение в политическую лексику, отмеченное выше.
•• Еще пример – заголовок полемической статьи о кандидате на пост губернатора одного из штатов:
•• Candidate Not Ready for Prime Time. И далее в тексте: It has become clear that she is not ready to govern the state.
•• В технических текстах перевести это выражение можно при помощи русского довести до ума ( новое изделие еще нужно довести до ума или просто нуждается в доводке). В заголовке Linux in China: Not Ready for Prime Time подойдет условия еще не созрели. Не созрели хорошо и в политическом контексте, но иногда придется добавить косвенное дополнение. В первом примере: Возможно, иракцы еще не созрели для демократии. В последнем: Кандидат еще не созрел можно добавить для большой политики.

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > not ready for prime time
6 use

use

utilisation ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) emploi ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) consommation ⇒ 1 (a) usage ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (f), 1 (g) besoin ⇒ 1 (d) se servir de ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) utiliser ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) employer ⇒ 2 (a) prendre ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (e) profiter de ⇒ 2 (b) consommer ⇒ 2 (c) finir ⇒ 2 (c)

1 noun [ju:s]

(a) (utilization → of materials) utilisation f, emploi m; (consumption → of water, resources etc) consommation f; (being used, worn etc) usage m;

∎ the use of brick in building l'emploi ou l'utilisation de la brique dans la construction;

∎ to stretch (out) with use se détendre à l'usage;

∎ to wear out with use s'user;

∎ the dishes are for everyday use c'est la vaisselle de tous les jours;

∎ ready for use prêt à l'emploi;

∎ directions or instructions for use (on packaging) mode d'emploi;

∎ for your personal use (on packaging) pour votre usage personnel;

∎ for customer use only (sign) réservé à notre clientèle;

∎ Medicine for external/internal use only (on packaging) à usage externe/interne;

∎ for use in case of emergency (sign) à utiliser en cas d'urgence;

∎ the film is for use in teaching le film est destiné à l'enseignement;

∎ in use (machine, system) en usage, utilisé; (lift, cash point) en service; (phrase, word) usité;

∎ in general use d'emploi courant, d'utilisation courante;

∎ not in use, out of use (machine, system) hors d'usage; (lift, cash point) hors service;

∎ the phrase is no longer in use l'expression est inusitée ou ne s'utilise plus;

∎ to come into use entrer en service;

∎ to go out of use (machine) être mis au rebut;

∎ steam engines went out of use in 1950 on a cessé d'utiliser ou d'employer les machines à vapeur en 1950;

∎ to make use of sth se servir de ou utiliser qch;

∎ schools are making increasing use of audio-visual aids les écoles se servent de plus en plus de supports audiovisuels;

∎ to make good use of, to put to good use (machine, money) faire bon usage de; (opportunity, experience) tirer profit de

(b) (ability or right to use) usage m, utilisation f;

∎ we gave them the use of our car nous leur avons laissé l'usage de notre voiture;

∎ he only has the use of one arm il n'a l'usage que d'un bras;

∎ she lost the use of her legs elle a perdu l'usage de ses jambes;

∎ the old man still has the full use of his faculties le vieil homme jouit encore de toutes ses facultés

(c) (practical application) usage m, emploi m;

∎ this tool has many uses cet outil a de nombreux usages ou emplois;

∎ we found a use for the old fridge nous avons trouvé un emploi pour le vieux frigo;

∎ humorous I have my uses il m'arrive de servir à quelque chose

(d) (need) besoin m, usage m;

∎ do you have any use for this book? avez-vous besoin de ce livre?;

∎ to have no use for sth ne pas avoir besoin de qch; figurative n'avoir que faire de qch;

∎ I have no use for idle gossip je n'ai que faire des cancans;

∎ this department has no use for slackers il n'y a pas de place pour les fainéants dans ce service

(e) (usefulness)

∎ to be of use (to sb) être utile (à qn), servir (à qn);

∎ this dictionary might be of use to you ce dictionnaire pourrait vous être utile ou vous servir;

∎ were the instructions (of) any use? est-ce que le mode d'emploi a servi à quelque chose?;

∎ I found his advice to be of little use, his advice was of little use to me je n'ai pas trouvé ses conseils très utiles;

∎ the book would be of more use if it had illustrations le livre serait plus utile s'il contenait des illustrations;

∎ it's not much use cela ne sert pas à grand-chose;

∎ he's not much use as a secretary il n'est pas brillant comme secrétaire;

∎ to be (of) no use (thing) ne servir à rien; (person) n'être bon à rien;

∎ they were no use at all during the move ils n'ont rien fait pendant le déménagement;

∎ you're no use! tu n'es bon à rien!;

∎ it's or there's no use complaining inutile de ou ça ne sert à rien de se plaindre;

∎ there's no use shouting ça ne sert à rien de crier, (c'est) inutile de crier;

∎ it's no use, we might as well give up c'est inutile ou ça ne sert à rien, autant abandonner;

∎ I tried to convince her but it was no use j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire;

∎ is it any use calling her? est-ce que ça servira à quelque chose de l'appeler?;

∎ what's the use of waiting? à quoi bon attendre?, à quoi ça sert d'attendre?;

∎ oh, what's the use? à quoi bon?;

∎ familiar ironic that's a fat lot of use! ça nous fait une belle jambe!

(f) Linguistics usage m;

∎ that's an old-fashioned use c'est un usage vieilli

(g) Religion usage m

2 transitive verb [ju:z]

(a) (put into action → service, tool, skills) se servir de, utiliser; (→ product, name) utiliser; (→ method, phrase, word) employer; (→ vehicle, form of transport) prendre;

∎ these are the notebooks he used ce sont les cahiers dont il s'est servi ou qu'il a utilisés;

∎ is anyone using this book? est-ce que quelqu'un se sert de ou a besoin de ce livre?;

∎ it's very easy to use c'est très facile à utiliser;

∎ it's no longer used (machine, tool) ça ne sert plus; (word, expression) ça n'est plus usité;

∎ am I using the term correctly? est-ce comme ça qu'on utilise le terme?;

∎ I'd like to use my language skills more j'aimerais utiliser davantage mes connaissances en langues;

∎ I always use public transport je prends toujours les transports en commun;

∎ we use this room as an office nous nous servons de cette pièce comme bureau, cette pièce nous sert de bureau;

∎ what is this used for or as? à quoi cela sert-il?;

∎ it's used for identifying the blood type cela sert à identifier le groupe sanguin;

∎ I use it for opening or to open letters je m'en sers ou je l'utilise pour ouvrir les lettres;

∎ I used the money to rebuild my garage j'ai utilisé ou employé l'argent pour reconstruire mon garage;

∎ what battery does this radio use? quelle pile faut-il pour cette radio?;

∎ my car uses unleaded petrol ma voiture marche à l'essence sans plomb;

∎ may I use the phone? puis-je téléphoner?;

∎ he asked to use the British toilet or American bathroom il a demandé à aller aux toilettes;

∎ to use force/violence avoir recours à la force/violence;

∎ the police often use tear gas la police a souvent recours au gaz lacrymogène;

∎ to use one's intelligence/intuition faire marcher son intelligence/intuition;

∎ to use diplomacy user de diplomatie;

∎ to use discretion agir avec discrétion;

∎ to use one's influence user de son influence;

∎ use your imagination! utilise ton imagination!;

∎ use your initiative! fais preuve d'initiative!;

∎ use your head or your brains! réfléchis un peu!;

∎ use your eyes! ouvrez l'œil!;

∎ familiar he could certainly use some help un peu d'aide ne lui ferait pas de mal;

∎ familiar we could all use a holiday! nous aurions tous bien besoin de vacances!^□

(b) (exploit, take advantage of → opportunity) profiter de; (→ person) se servir de;

∎ use it to your advantage! profitez-en!;

∎ he's only using you to get ahead il ne fait que se servir de toi pour avancer;

∎ I feel used j'ai l'impression qu'on s'est servi de moi

(c) (consume) consommer, utiliser; (finish, use up) finir, épuiser;

∎ the car's using a lot of oil la voiture consomme beaucoup d'huile;

∎ have you used all the shampoo? as-tu utilisé tout le shampooing?

(d) formal (treat physically) traiter; (behave towards) agir envers;

∎ they used the workers well ils ont bien traité les ouvriers, ils ont bien agi envers les ouvriers;

∎ I consider I was ill used je considère qu'on ne m'a pas traité comme il faut;

∎ how's the world been using you? comment ça va?

(e) familiar (drug) prendre^□

3 auxiliary verb

[ju:z] (only in past tense) they used to live here (avant) ils habitaient ici;

∎ he used to drink a lot il buvait beaucoup avant;

∎ it used to be true c'était vrai autrefois;

∎ it used to be a pleasant town to live in autrefois c'était une ville agréable;

∎ things aren't what they used to be les choses ne sont plus ce qu'elles étaient;

∎ she can't get about the way she used to elle ne peut plus se déplacer comme avant;

∎ she never used to smoke elle ne fumait pas avant;

∎ we used not or we didn't use to eat meat avant, nous ne mangions pas de viande;

∎ did he use to visit her? venait-il la voir avant?;

∎ do you travel much? - I used to vous voyagez beaucoup? - autrefois, oui

4 intransitive verb

[ju:z] familiar (use drugs) se camer

➲ use up separable transitive verb

(consume) consommer, prendre; (exhaust → paper, soap) finir; (→ patience, energy, supplies) épuiser;

∎ she used up the leftovers to make the soup elle a utilisé les restes pour faire un potage;

∎ did you use up all your money? as-tu dépensé tout ton argent?;

∎ the paper was all used up il ne restait plus de papier

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > use
7 use

̘. ̈n.ju:s
1. сущ.
1) употребление, применение, использование to make use of ≈ извлекать пользу из чего-л. to put smth. to good use ≈ найти хорошее применение чему-л. constant use ≈ постоянное использование Do you have any use for this old paper? ≈ Вам зачем-нибудь нужны эти старые газеты? The visitors were denied use of the library. ≈ Посетителям не разрешили воспользоваться услугами библиотеки. to be out of use, fall out of use ≈ выйти из употребления daily use ≈ ежедневное употребление emergency use extensive use external use internal use official use practical use wide use
2) а) (ис) пользование;
способность или право пользования( чем-л.) He lost the use of his eyes. ≈ Он ослеп. He put the use of his house at my disposal. ≈ Он предложил мне пользоваться своим домом. б) юр. управление имуществом по доверенности;
доход от управления имуществом по доверенности
3) а) назначение, цель б) польза, толк Is there any use? ≈ Стоит ли? I have no use for it разг. ≈ мне это совершенно не нужно;
я этого не выношу What's the use of arguing? ≈ К чему спорить? Is there any use in trying again? ≈ Имеет ли смысл сделать еще одну попытку? What's the use of worrying? ≈ Какой прок от того, что вы будете волноваться? It was of no earthly use to us. ≈ Для нас это оказалось совершенно бесполезным. Can I be of any use to you? ≈ Могу ли я быть чем-нибудь вам полезен?
4) а) обыкновение, привычка, уклад Long use has reconciled me to it. ≈ Я примирился с этим благодаря давнишней привычке. б) ритуал церкви, епархии
2. гл.
1) а) использовать, пользоваться, применять, употреблять to use one's brains, to use one's wits ≈ 'шевелить мозгами' to use widely ≈ широко применять, широко использовать Let's use paper plates for the picnic. ≈ Давайте возьмем в поход бумажные тарелки. May I use your name? ≈ Могу я на вас сослаться? She used the candlestick as a paperweight. ≈ Она использовала подсвечник вместо пресс-папье. Syn: employ, utilize б) (из) расходовать, использовать They use 10 tons of coal a month. ≈ Они расходуют 10 тонн угля в месяц. Syn: consume, expend, utilize Ant: conserve, waste
2) а) обыкн. ;
только прош. вр. быть привычным, иметь привычку делать что-л. б) обращаться, обходиться( с кем-л.) He thinks himself ill used. ≈ Он считает, что с ним плохо обошлись. ∙ use as use to use up употребление, использование, применение - the * of the telephone пользование телефоном - to be in * быть в употреблении - to be out of * выйти из употребления - to come into * войти в употребление - in daily * в обиходе - to make * of smth. употреблять что-л., пользоваться чем-л. - to make * of smb.'s name ссылаться на кого-л. - directions for * правила употребления - he made good * of his space time он хорошо использовал свое свободное время цель, назначение - a tool with several *s инструмент, применяемый для различных целей - to put smth. to (a) good * правильно использовать что-л. - have yoi any * for a new calendar? вам не понадобится новый календарь? польза, толк, выгода - to be of * быть бесполезным - to be of little * быть мало полезным - it's no * talking нет смысла разговаривать - is there any * in discussing the matter further? стоит ли обсуждать дальше этот вопрос? - what's the *? к чему?, какой смысл?, какой толк? все это ни к чему! (выражение отчаяния) способность пользования (чем-л.) - he lost the * of his left arm он потерял способность владеть левой рукой - she lost the * of his eyes она ослепла право пользования - he gave his friend the * of his library он предоставил приятелю право пользоваться своей библиотекой - she had the * of the estate for life за ней было оставлено право пожизненного пользования этим владением привычка, обыкновение - it was his * to walk ten miles every day у него была привычка ходить ежедневно по десять миль - according to an ancient * cогласно старинному обычаю - * and wont обычная практика - * is second nature привычка - вторая натура( церковное) ритуал;
чин( литургии) > to have no * for не нуждаться( в чем-л.) ;
не выносить, презирать;
быть нетерпимым (к кому-л.) ;
не хотеть иметь дело( с кем-л.) употреблять, пользоваться, применять - to * coal for heating purposes употреблять уголь для отопления - to * gas пользоваться газом - to * a rigth использовать какое-л. право - to * one's legs ходить - to * one's eyes смотреть - to * one's brains шевелить мозгами - may I * your telephone? можно мне воспользоваться вашим телефоном? - he never *s a dictionary он никогда не пользуется словарем - to force применить силу - to * to advantage использовать с выгодой прибегать( к чему-л.), пользоваться (чем-л.) - we must * the services of an agent мы должны прибегнуть к услугам агента - may I * your name? могу я сослаться на вас? использовать в своих интересах - they *d every artifice to get our help они прибегали ко всяческим хитростям, чтобы добиться от нас помощи потреблять, расходовать - we have *d all the eggs for this omelette мы израсходовали все яйца на этот омлет - they * a ton of coal in a month они ежемесячно расходуют тонну угля тратить, проводить (время) - they *d thirty days in travelling about 1,000 miles они потратили 30 дней, чтобы проехать 1000 миль обращаться, обходиться (с кем-л.) ;
относиться( к кому-л.) - to * smb. well обращаться с кем-л. хорошо - to * smb. like a dog обращаться с кем-л. как с собакой - to * a man after his deserts обойтись с кем-л. по заслугам приучать - to * oneself to speak aloud приучать себя говорить громко иметь в прошлом обыкновение делать что-л;
некогда быть каким-л. - I *d to take the bus я обычно ездил на автобусе - there *d to be a cinema in this street на этой улице было когда-то кино - winters *d to be not so harsh раньше зимы не были такими суровыми - she didn't * to be so outspoken (просторечие) когда-то она не была такой откровенной (американизм) (сленг) употреблять наркотики, быть наркоманом (диалектизм) (американизм) часто посещать( человека или место) assets not in ~ неиспользуемые активы ~ польза;
толк;
to be of (no) use быть (бес) полезным;
is there any use? стоит ли?;
what's the use of arguing? к чему спорить? to be (или to fall) out of ~ выйти из употребления;
to put knowledge to use применять знания на практике by ~ вчт. путем использования collective ~ совместное потребление common ~ общее употребление compulsory ~ пат. обязательное использование domestic ~ бытовое пользование efficient ~ вчт. эффективное использование ~ up истощать;
to feel used up чувствовать себя совершенно обессиленным final ~ конечное использование free ~ свободное применение general ~ основное применение ~ (ис) пользование;
способность или право пользования (чем-л.) ;
to have the use (of smth.) пользоваться (чем-л.) he lost the ~ of his eyes он ослеп;
to make use of, to put to use использовать, воспользоваться he put the ~ of his house at my disposal он предложил мне пользоваться своим домом;
to lose the use (of smth.) потерять способность пользоваться (чем-л.) ~ обращаться, обходиться (с кем-л.) ;
to use (smb.) like a dog третировать( кого-л.) ;
he thinks himself ill used он считает, что с ним плохо обошлись I have no ~ for it разг. мне это совершенно не нужно I have no ~ for it разг. я этого не выношу I used to see him often я часто его встречал;
it used to be said (бывало) говорили illegal ~ вчт. незаконное использование illicit ~ запрещенное использование improper ~ ненадлежащее использование ~ употребление;
применение;
in use в употреблении;
in daily use в частом употреблении;
в обиходе ~ употребление;
применение;
in use в употреблении;
in daily use в частом употреблении;
в обиходе ~ польза;
толк;
to be of (no) use быть (бес) полезным;
is there any use? стоит ли?;
what's the use of arguing? к чему спорить? I used to see him often я часто его встречал;
it used to be said (бывало) говорили joint ~ совместное использование joint ~ совместное пользование land ~ землепользование ~ обыкновение, привычка;
use and wont обычная практика;
long use has reconciled me to it я примирился с этим благодаря давнишней привычке he put the ~ of his house at my disposal он предложил мне пользоваться своим домом;
to lose the use (of smth.) потерять способность пользоваться (чем-л.) he lost the ~ of his eyes он ослеп;
to make use of, to put to use использовать, воспользоваться make ~ of использовать make ~ of применять make ~ of употреблять ~ употреблять, пользоваться, применять;
to use one's brains (или one's wits) "шевелить мозгами";
may I use your name? могу я на вас сослаться? noncommercial ~ вчт. некоммерческое использование official ~ официальное использование personal ~ личное использование prior ~ пат. преждепользование prior ~ преимущественное использование private ~ вчт. индивидуальное использование private ~ личное пользование private ~ частное использование proper ~ использование по назначению public ~ общественное пользование to be (или to fall) out of ~ выйти из употребления;
to put knowledge to use применять знания на практике simultaneous ~ одновременное использование there used to be a house here раньше здесь стоял дом ~ использовать, израсходовать;
they use 10 tons of coal a month они расходуют 10 тонн угля в месяц ~ цель, назначение;
a tool with many uses инструмент, применяемый для различных целей unauthorized ~ неразрешенное использование unauthorized ~ несанкционированное использование use доверительная собственность, учрежденная для обеспечения за бенефециарием права присвоения плодов вещи ~ использование ~ использовать, израсходовать;
they use 10 tons of coal a month они расходуют 10 тонн угля в месяц ~ использовать ~ обращаться, обходиться (с кем-л.) ;
to use (smb.) like a dog третировать (кого-л.) ;
he thinks himself ill used он считает, что с ним плохо обошлись ~ обыкновение, привычка;
use and wont обычная практика;
long use has reconciled me to it я примирился с этим благодаря давнишней привычке ~ польза;
толк;
to be of (no) use быть (бес) полезным;
is there any use? стоит ли?;
what's the use of arguing? к чему спорить? ~ польза ~ (ис) пользование;
способность или право пользования (чем-л.) ;
to have the use (of smth.) пользоваться (чем-л.) ~ пользоваться, использовать, обращать в свою пользу ~ потреблять ~ право пользования ~ право пользования доходами от вещи ~ право присвоения плодов вещи;
право пользования доходами от вещи ~ применение ~ применять ~ расходовать ~ ритуал церкви, епархии ~ способность пользования ~ употребление;
применение;
in use в употреблении;
in daily use в частом употреблении;
в обиходе ~ употребление ~ употреблять, пользоваться, применять;
to use one's brains (или one's wits) "шевелить мозгами";
may I use your name? могу я на вас сослаться? ~ употреблять ~ юр. управление имуществом по доверенности;
доход от управления имуществом по доверенности ~ цель, назначение;
a tool with many uses инструмент, применяемый для различных целей ~ обыкновение, привычка;
use and wont обычная практика;
long use has reconciled me to it я примирился с этим благодаря давнишней привычке ~ обращаться, обходиться (с кем-л.) ;
to use (smb.) like a dog третировать (кого-л.) ;
he thinks himself ill used он считает, что с ним плохо обошлись ~ of capital использование капитала ~ of force применение силы ~ of foreign exchange reserves использование валютных резервов ~ of income использование дохода ~ употреблять, пользоваться, применять;
to use one's brains (или one's wits) "шевелить мозгами";
may I use your name? могу я на вас сослаться? ~ up израсходовать, использовать;
истратить ~ up израсходовать ~ up использовать ~ up истощать;
to feel used up чувствовать себя совершенно обессиленным ~ польза;
толк;
to be of (no) use быть (бес) полезным;
is there any use? стоит ли?;
what's the use of arguing? к чему спорить? wide ~ вчт. широкое использование

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > use
8 reservado para uso interno

• for internal use

• not for public use

Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > reservado para uso interno
9 usage

usage [yzaʒ]

masculine noun

   a. ( = utilisation) use

• elle nous laisse l'usage de son jardin she lets us use her garden

• l'usage de stupéfiants drug use

► à l'usage

• ça s'assouplira à l'usage it will soften with use

• un manuel à l'usage des spécialistes a manual for specialist use► hors d'usage [éclairage, installation] out of service ; [véhicule, machine à laver] broken down

• mettre hors d'usage to put out of action► faire usage de [+ violence, force, procédé] to use

• faire (un) bon/mauvais usage de qch to make good/bad use of sth

   b. ( = exercice, pratique) [de membre, sens] use

• perdre l'usage de ses yeux to lose the use of one's eyes

• retrouver l'usage de la parole to recover the power of speech

   c. ( = fonction, application) [d'instrument] use

• outil à usages multiples multi-purpose tool

• à usage externe [médicament] for external use only

• à usage unique [matériel stérile, seringues] single-use

   d. ( = coutume, habitude) custom

• c'est l'usage it's the done thing

• entrer dans l'usage (courant) [mot] to come into common use ; [mœurs] to become common practice

• contraire aux usages contrary to common practice

• il était d'usage de it was customary to

• formule d'usage set formula

• après les compliments/recommandations d'usage after the customary compliments/recommendations

   e. [de la langue] l'usage usage

• expression consacrée par l'usage expression fixed by usage

* * *
yzaʒ
nom masculin

1) ( fait d'utiliser) use

à l'usage — [rétrécir, se distendre] with use

par l'usage — [sali, encrassé] with use

en usage — in use

disqualifié pour usage d'anabolisants — disqualified for using anabolic steroids

faire usage de — to use

faire usage de son autorité — to exercise one's authority

faire bon/mauvais usage de quelque chose — to put something to good/bad use

faire de l'usage — [tissu, vêtement] to last

2) ( possibilité d'utiliser) use

‘réservé à l'usage du personnel’ — ‘for staff use only’

à usage privé — for private use

à usage externe — for external use only

à usages multiples — [appareil] multipurpose (épith)

il a perdu l'usage d'un œil — he's lost the use of one eye

hors d'usage — [vêtement] unwearable; [machine] out of order

3) Linguistique usage

en usage — in usage

les règles du bon usage — the rules of good usage

4) ( pratique courante) custom

l'usage est de faire — ( dans la vie courante) the custom is to do; ( dans la vie professionnelle) it's usual practice to do

comme le veut l'usage — as is customary

conformément aux usages — in accordance with custom

politesses d'usage — customary courtesies

précautions d'usage — usual precautions

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- usage de faux

* * *
yzaʒ nm
1) (= emploi, utilisation) use

à usage interne — for internal use

à usage externe — for external use only

à l'usage — with time

Nous verrons à l'usage si nous avons bien fait de choisir cette solution. — We will see with time whether we have chosen the right solution.

à l'usage de — for

en usage — in use

hors d'usage — out of order

Cet appareil est hors d'usage. — That machine's out of order.

avoir l'usage de — to have the use of

faire usage de [pouvoir, droit] — to exercise

2) (= coutume) custom

contraire aux usages — contrary to common practice

3) LINGUISTIQUE

l'usage — usage

* * *

usage nm

1 ( fait d'utiliser) use; l'usage des caméscopes se répand rapidement the use of camcorders is spreading rapidly; l'usage de la force/torture the use of force/torture; je te donne cette machine à écrire, je n'en ai plus l'usage I'm giving you this typewriter as I don't have any further use for it; à l'usage [rétrécir, déteindre, se distendre] with use; par l'usage [sali, terni, encrassé] with use; en usage in use; disqualifié pour usage d'anabolisants disqualified for using anabolic steroids; il m'a interdit l'usage de l'alcool he told me not to drink alcohol; connaître/apprendre l'usage de qch to know how/to learn how to use sth; faire usage de to use; faire un usage fréquent de qch to use sth frequently; faire usage de son autorité to exercise one's authority; faire grand usage de qch to use sth a lot; faire bon/mauvais usage de qch to put sth to good/bad use; faire de l'usage [tissu, vêtement] to last;

2 ( possibilité d'utiliser) use; à l'usage de qn for the use of sb; pour leur usage personnel for their own use; d'un usage courant/limité in common/of limited use; ‘réservé à l'usage du personnel’ ‘for staff use only’; à usage privé/militaire/industriel for private/military/industrial use; à usage externe Pharm for external use only; à usage interne Pharm for internal use; immeuble à usage de bureaux office block; à usages multiples [appareil] multipurpose ( épith); quel est l'usage de cette machine? what's this machine used for?; il a perdu l'usage d'un œil/de la jambe droite he's lost the use of one eye/of his right leg; hors d'usage [vêtement] unwearable; [machine] out of order; tellement abasourdie qu'elle en a perdu l'usage de la parole so amazed that she lost the power of speech; retrouver l'usage de la vue to recover one's eyesight; je ne lui laisse pas l'usage de ma voiture I don't let him use my car;

3 Ling usage; en usage in usage; l'usage veut qu'on dise usage requires that one should say; les règles du bon usage the rules of good usage; expression entrée dans l'usage expression that has entered current usage; sorti de l'usage [mot, expression] no longer used ( après n);

4 ( pratique courante) custom; un usage qui commence à se répandre/à se perdre a custom that is beginning to spread/to die out; entériner l'usage par des lois to fix custom by law; connaître les usages d'un pays to know the customs ou ways of a country; l'usage est de faire ( dans la vie courante) the custom is to do; ( dans la vie professionnelle) it's usual practice to do; comme le veut l'usage as is customary; conformément aux usages in accordance with custom; politesses d'usage customary courtesies; précautions/recommandations d'usage usual precautions/recommendations.

Composé

usage de faux Jur use of forged documents; faux et usage de faux forgery and use of false documents.

[yzaʒ] nom masculin

1. [utilisation] use

faire usage de quelque chose to use something

faire bon usage de quelque chose to put something to good use

faire mauvais usage de quelque chose to misuse something

faire un usage abusif du pouvoir to abuse power

faire de l'usage to stand up to a lot of use

mon imperméable a fait de l'usage my raincoat has seen good service

avoir l'usage de to have the use of

une maison dont elle n'a pas la propriété mais l'usage DROIT a house which she doesn't own, but which she is legally entitled to use

je n'en ai aucun usage I have no use for it

à mon usage personnel for my private ou own personal use

droit d'usage right of use

2. [contrôle] use

il a encore l'usage de son bras he can still use his arm

perdre l'usage des yeux/d'un bras to lose the use of one's eyes/an arm

perdre l'usage de la parole to lose one's power of speech

3. [fonction] use, purpose

appareil d'usage courant household appliance

à divers usages multi-purpose

à usage intensif heavy-duty

à usage unique [seringue, produit] use-once-then-throw-away

locaux à usage administratif office space

à usages multiples multi-purpose

‘à usage interne’ ‘for internal use, to be taken internally’

‘à usage externe’ ‘not to be taken internally’

4. LINGUISTIQUE (accepted) usage

usage écrit/oral written/spoken usage

le mot est entré dans l'usage the word is now in common use

le mot est sorti de l'usage the word has become obsolete ou is no longer used

le bon usage correct usage

5. [coutume] habit, habitual practice

selon un usage bien établi following a well-established habit

l'usage, les usages accepted ou established custom, (the rules of) etiquette

c'est l'usage it's the done thing

ce n'est pas l'usage d'applaudir au milieu d'un air it's not done to clap ou you just don't clap in the middle of an aria

c'est conforme à l'usage ou aux usages it's in accordance with the rules of etiquette

c'est contraire à l'usage ou aux usages, c'est contre l'usage ou les usages it's not the done thing, it's contrary to the rules of etiquette

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à l'usage locution adverbiale

with use

c'est à l'usage qu'on s'aperçoit des défauts d'une cuisine you only realize what the shortcomings of a kitchen are after you've used it for a while

nous verrons à l'usage! let's wait and see!

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à l'usage de locution prépositionnelle

un livre de cuisine à l'usage des enfants a cookery book aimed at ou intended for children

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d'usage locution adjectivale

1. [habituel] customary, usual

finir une lettre avec la formule d'usage to end a letter in the usual ou accepted manner

échanger les banalités d'usage to exchange the customary platitudes

il est d'usage de laisser un pourboire it is customary to leave a tip

2. LINGUISTIQUE

l'orthographe d'usage the generally accepted spelling

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en usage locution adverbiale

in use

cette technique n'est plus en usage this technique is now obsolete ou is no longer in use

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > usage
10 uso

m use

( abitudine) custom

pronto per l'uso ready to use

fuori uso out of use

uso indebito misuse

per uso interno for internal use

per uso esterno not to be taken internally

* * *

uso agg. used, accustomed: non sono uso a essere insultato, I am not used to being insulted; non sono uso a queste cose, a fare queste cose, I am not used (o accustomed) to these things, to doing these things.

uso s.m.

1 use: l'uso del carbone per riscaldare le case, the use of coal to heat houses; uso errato di una frase, wrong use of a phrase; l'uso estensivo, figurato di una parola, the extended, figurative use of a word; un'automobile fuori uso, an unserviceable car; istruzioni per l'uso, directions (o instructions) for use; logoro dall'uso, worn with use (o worn-out); oggetto di uso corrente, object of everyday use; un prodotto pronto all'uso, a ready-to-use product; per uso esterno, for external use only; per mio uso e consumo, for my own use; uno strumento a più usi, a tool with several uses; qual è il suo uso?, what is its use?; c'è un extra per l'uso dell'auto, there is an extra charge for the use of the car; è diventato largo con l'uso, it has become too loose with use; è necessario l'uso dei guanti protettivi, the use of protective gloves is necessary; questa grammatica è ancora in uso, this grammar is still in use; questo modo di dire è fuori uso, this idiom is obsolete (o is not in use); stanza con uso di cucina, room with use of kitchen; andare fuori uso, to become obsolete; avere pieno uso delle proprie facoltà, to have full use of one's faculties; fare uso di qlco., to make use of sthg.: fare buon, cattivo uso del proprio denaro, to make good, bad use of one's money; perdere l'uso di un braccio, to lose the use of an arm; perdere, riacquistare l'uso della parola, to lose, to regain the power of speech // (dir.) diritto d'uso, right of user // (econ.): uso industriale, industrial use; scorte d'uso, expendable material (o stock)

2 ( usanza) usage, use; custom; fashion: gli usi del nostro paese, the usages (o customs) of our country; usi e costumi, usages and customs; consacrato dall'uso, sanctified by usage (o custom); nell'uso moderno, in modern usage; c'è l'uso di mangiare il tacchino a Natale, it is customary to eat turkey at Christmas; venire in uso, to come into use // secondo l'uso, according to custom; secondo l'uso, all'uso dei Greci, after the Greek fashion // d'uso, usual; habitual: complimenti d'uso, habitual compliments; con le referenze d'uso, with the usual references; frasi d'uso, conversational commonplaces // (dir.): uso commerciale, trade usage (o custom of trade); uso di Borsa, di banca, Stock Exchange, bank practice.

* * *
I ['uzo] sm
1) (gen) use, (di parola) usage, Dir exercise

a uso di — for (the use of)

l'uso corretto di quell'espressione — the correct usage of that expression

testo a uso delle elementari — book for use in primary Brit o elementary Am schools

per uso esterno Med — for external use only

per uso personale — for personal use

fare buon/cattivo uso di qc — to make good/bad use of sth

istruzioni per l'uso — instructions

fuori uso — out of use

fare uso di qc — to use sth

perdere l'uso della ragione — to go out of one's mind

2) (esercizio) practice

con l'uso — with practice

3) (abitudine) usage, custom

d'uso — (corrente) in use

essere in uso — to be in common o current use

gli usi e i costumi degli antichi romani — the customs of the ancient Romans
II uso (-a)
letter

uso a qc/a fare qc — accustomed to sth/to doing sth

* * *
I ['uzo]
sostantivo maschile

1) use U

in uso — in use

fare uso di qcs. — to use sth., to make use of sth.

fare uso di droga — to take o use o be on drugs

fare buon uso di qcs. — to make good use of sth., to put sth. to good use

fare cattivo uso di qcs. — to misuse sth.

uso eccessivo — overuse

a uso di qcn. — for the use of sb.

con uso di — with use of [cucina, bagno]

avere l'uso di — to have the use of [casa, cucina]

per mio uso e consumo — for my own use

per uso esterno — farm. for external use

locali uso ufficio — office accommodation

istruzioni per l'uso — instructions for use

perdere l'uso delle gambe — to lose the use of one's legs

perdere l'uso della parola — to lose the power of speech

perdere l'uso della ragione — to lose one's reason

fuori uso — [ macchina] out of order o use, not working

2) ling. usage, use C

in uso — in usage

una parola di uso comune — a word in common o general use

entrare nell'uso comune — to come into use

una parola non più in uso — a word no longer used

3) (usanza) usage, custom

gli -i e costumi di un popolo — the costumes and traditions of a country

come vuole l'uso — as is customary
II ['uzo]
aggettivo lett. (abituato)

essere uso a, a fare — to be used o accustomed to, to doing

* * *

uso¹

/'uzo/

sostantivo m.

1 use U; in uso in use; fare uso di qcs. to use sth., to make use of sth.; fare uso di droga to take o use o be on drugs; fare buon uso di qcs. to make good use of sth., to put sth. to good use; fare cattivo uso di qcs. to misuse sth.; uso eccessivo overuse; a uso di qcn. for the use of sb.; con uso di with use of [cucina, bagno]; avere l'uso di to have the use of [casa, cucina]; per mio uso e consumo for my own use; per uso esterno farm. for external use; locali uso ufficio office accommodation; istruzioni per l'uso instructions for use; perdere l'uso delle gambe to lose the use of one's legs; perdere l'uso della parola to lose the power of speech; perdere l'uso della ragione to lose one's reason; fuori uso [ macchina] out of order o use, not working

2 ling. usage, use C; in uso in usage; una parola di uso comune a word in common o general use; entrare nell'uso comune to come into use; una parola non più in uso a word no longer used

3 (usanza) usage, custom; gli -i e costumi di un popolo the costumes and traditions of a country; come vuole l'uso as is customary.

————————

uso²

/'uzo/

aggettivo

lett. (abituato) essere uso a, a fare to be used o accustomed to, to doing.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > uso
11 usagé

usage [yzaʒ]

masculine noun

   a. ( = utilisation) use

• elle nous laisse l'usage de son jardin she lets us use her garden

• l'usage de stupéfiants drug use

► à l'usage

• ça s'assouplira à l'usage it will soften with use

• un manuel à l'usage des spécialistes a manual for specialist use► hors d'usage [éclairage, installation] out of service ; [véhicule, machine à laver] broken down

• mettre hors d'usage to put out of action► faire usage de [+ violence, force, procédé] to use

• faire (un) bon/mauvais usage de qch to make good/bad use of sth

   b. ( = exercice, pratique) [de membre, sens] use

• perdre l'usage de ses yeux to lose the use of one's eyes

• retrouver l'usage de la parole to recover the power of speech

   c. ( = fonction, application) [d'instrument] use

• outil à usages multiples multi-purpose tool

• à usage externe [médicament] for external use only

• à usage unique [matériel stérile, seringues] single-use

   d. ( = coutume, habitude) custom

• c'est l'usage it's the done thing

• entrer dans l'usage (courant) [mot] to come into common use ; [mœurs] to become common practice

• contraire aux usages contrary to common practice

• il était d'usage de it was customary to

• formule d'usage set formula

• après les compliments/recommandations d'usage after the customary compliments/recommendations

   e. [de la langue] l'usage usage

• expression consacrée par l'usage expression fixed by usage

* * *
yzaʒ
nom masculin

1) ( fait d'utiliser) use

à l'usage — [rétrécir, se distendre] with use

par l'usage — [sali, encrassé] with use

en usage — in use

disqualifié pour usage d'anabolisants — disqualified for using anabolic steroids

faire usage de — to use

faire usage de son autorité — to exercise one's authority

faire bon/mauvais usage de quelque chose — to put something to good/bad use

faire de l'usage — [tissu, vêtement] to last

2) ( possibilité d'utiliser) use

‘réservé à l'usage du personnel’ — ‘for staff use only’

à usage privé — for private use

à usage externe — for external use only

à usages multiples — [appareil] multipurpose (épith)

il a perdu l'usage d'un œil — he's lost the use of one eye

hors d'usage — [vêtement] unwearable; [machine] out of order

3) Linguistique usage

en usage — in usage

les règles du bon usage — the rules of good usage

4) ( pratique courante) custom

l'usage est de faire — ( dans la vie courante) the custom is to do; ( dans la vie professionnelle) it's usual practice to do

comme le veut l'usage — as is customary

conformément aux usages — in accordance with custom

politesses d'usage — customary courtesies

précautions d'usage — usual precautions

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- usage de faux

* * *
yzaʒ nm
1) (= emploi, utilisation) use

à usage interne — for internal use

à usage externe — for external use only

à l'usage — with time

Nous verrons à l'usage si nous avons bien fait de choisir cette solution. — We will see with time whether we have chosen the right solution.

à l'usage de — for

en usage — in use

hors d'usage — out of order

Cet appareil est hors d'usage. — That machine's out of order.

avoir l'usage de — to have the use of

faire usage de [pouvoir, droit] — to exercise

2) (= coutume) custom

contraire aux usages — contrary to common practice

3) LINGUISTIQUE

l'usage — usage

* * *

usage nm

1 ( fait d'utiliser) use; l'usage des caméscopes se répand rapidement the use of camcorders is spreading rapidly; l'usage de la force/torture the use of force/torture; je te donne cette machine à écrire, je n'en ai plus l'usage I'm giving you this typewriter as I don't have any further use for it; à l'usage [rétrécir, déteindre, se distendre] with use; par l'usage [sali, terni, encrassé] with use; en usage in use; disqualifié pour usage d'anabolisants disqualified for using anabolic steroids; il m'a interdit l'usage de l'alcool he told me not to drink alcohol; connaître/apprendre l'usage de qch to know how/to learn how to use sth; faire usage de to use; faire un usage fréquent de qch to use sth frequently; faire usage de son autorité to exercise one's authority; faire grand usage de qch to use sth a lot; faire bon/mauvais usage de qch to put sth to good/bad use; faire de l'usage [tissu, vêtement] to last;

2 ( possibilité d'utiliser) use; à l'usage de qn for the use of sb; pour leur usage personnel for their own use; d'un usage courant/limité in common/of limited use; ‘réservé à l'usage du personnel’ ‘for staff use only’; à usage privé/militaire/industriel for private/military/industrial use; à usage externe Pharm for external use only; à usage interne Pharm for internal use; immeuble à usage de bureaux office block; à usages multiples [appareil] multipurpose ( épith); quel est l'usage de cette machine? what's this machine used for?; il a perdu l'usage d'un œil/de la jambe droite he's lost the use of one eye/of his right leg; hors d'usage [vêtement] unwearable; [machine] out of order; tellement abasourdie qu'elle en a perdu l'usage de la parole so amazed that she lost the power of speech; retrouver l'usage de la vue to recover one's eyesight; je ne lui laisse pas l'usage de ma voiture I don't let him use my car;

3 Ling usage; en usage in usage; l'usage veut qu'on dise usage requires that one should say; les règles du bon usage the rules of good usage; expression entrée dans l'usage expression that has entered current usage; sorti de l'usage [mot, expression] no longer used ( après n);

4 ( pratique courante) custom; un usage qui commence à se répandre/à se perdre a custom that is beginning to spread/to die out; entériner l'usage par des lois to fix custom by law; connaître les usages d'un pays to know the customs ou ways of a country; l'usage est de faire ( dans la vie courante) the custom is to do; ( dans la vie professionnelle) it's usual practice to do; comme le veut l'usage as is customary; conformément aux usages in accordance with custom; politesses d'usage customary courtesies; précautions/recommandations d'usage usual precautions/recommendations.

Composé

usage de faux Jur use of forged documents; faux et usage de faux forgery and use of false documents.

( féminin usagée) [yzaʒe] adjectif

1. [usé - costume] worn, old ; [ - verre] used, old

2. [d'occasion] used, secondhand

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > usagé
12 dawa

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa

[Swahili Plural] madawa

[English Word] medicine

[English Plural] medicines

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa

[Swahili Plural] madawa

[English Word] drug

[English Plural] drugs

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa

[Swahili Plural] madawa

[English Word] remedy

[English Plural] remedies

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa

[Swahili Plural] madawa

[English Word] cure

[English Plural] cures

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Swahili Example] jino la pembe si dawa ya pengo (methali)

[English Example] an ivory tooth is not a cure for the lost tooth (proverb)

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] -a dawa

[English Word] medicinal

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Swahili Example] watendaji wa dawa za jadi huhitaji mimea ya dawa [ http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/swahili/IK-Compendium-Swahili.pdf World Bank]

[English Example] traditional health practitioners need medicinal plants

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya kunywa

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kunywa

[English Word] medicine for internal use

[English Plural] medicines for internal use

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -nywa

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya kupaka

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kupaka

[English Word] ointment

[English Plural] ointments

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -paka

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya kupaka

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kupaka

[English Word] salve

[English Plural] salves

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -paka

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya sindano

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya sindano

[English Word] serum

[English Plural] serums

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] sindano

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya sindano

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya sindano

[English Word] vaccine

[English Plural] vaccines

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] sindano

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya kuhara

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kuhara

[English Word] laxative

[English Plural] laxatives

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -hara, -harisha

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya kuhara

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kuhara

[English Word] purgative

[English Plural] purgatives

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -hara, -harisha

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] dawa ya homa

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya homa

[English Word] febrifuge

[English Plural] febrigues

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] homa

[English Definition] any medicine that lowers body temperature to prevent or alleviate fever

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[Swahili Word] dawa ya kupatisha

[Swahili Plural] madawa ya kupatisha

[English Word] emetic

[English Plural] emetics

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Related Words] -patisha

[English Definition] a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting

------------------------------------------------------------

[Swahili Word] nyumba ya kutoa dawa

[Swahili Plural] nyumba za kutoa dawa

[English Word] pharmacy

[English Plural] pharmacies

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Related Words] nyumba, -toa

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[Swahili Word] nyumba ya kutoa dawa

[Swahili Plural] nyumba za kutoa dawa

[English Word] drugstore

[English Plural] drugstores

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Related Words] nyumba

------------------------------------------------------------

Swahili-english dictionary > dawa
13 uso

m.

1 use.

hacer uso de to make use of, to use; (utilizar) to exercise (de prerrogativa, derecho)

de uso externo for external use only (medicamento)

fuera de uso out of use, obsolete

tener el uso de la palabra to have the floor

uso de razón power of reason

2 custom (costumbre).

al uso fashionable

al uso andaluz in the Andalusian style

3 usage (linguistics).

4 wear and tear (desgaste).

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: usar.

* * *

USO

► abreviatura

1 ( Unión Sindical Obrera) professional worker's union

* * *

noun m.

1) use

2) wear

3) custom, usage

* * *

SF ABR Esp
= Unión Sindical Obrera
* * *

masculino

1) ( utilización)

a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

desgastarse con el uso — to wear out with use

instrucciones para su uso — instructions for use

de uso personal — for personal use

métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

los trenes todavía no han entrado en uso — the trains are not in service yet

hacer uso de algo — to use something

su uso prolongado puede producir dependencia — it can be habit-forming if taken over a long period

de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

b) (de idioma, expresión) use

una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

c) (de facultad, derecho)

en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales — in full possession of his mental faculties

hacer uso de un derecho — to exercise a right

hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

se ha hecho uso y abuso de esta metáfora — this metaphor has been used time and again

2) ( de prenda)

estos zapatos tienen años de uso — I've had years of wear out of these shoes

ropa de uso diario — everyday clothes

los zapatos ceden con el uso — shoes give with wear

- uso de razón

3) (utilidad, aplicación) use

una batidora con múltiples usos — a multi-purpose mixer

4) ( usanza) custom

usos aztecas que aún sobreviven — Aztec customs which still survive

* * *

= deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

Ex. In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

Ex. The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.

Ex. A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.

Ex. One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.

Ex. Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.

Ex. Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.

Ex. On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.

Ex. Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.

Ex. The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.

Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.

Ex. The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.

Ex. When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.

Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

----

* alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.

* bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.

* cubrir un uso = address + use.

* cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.

* dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.

* dar un uso = put to + purpose.

* dar uso = put to + use.

* dar uso a = make + use of.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.

* de poco uso = low-use.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* de uso cutáneo = use + topically.

* de uso externo = for external use only.

* de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.

* de uso frecuente = frequently-used.

* de uso general = general-use.

* de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].

* de uso múltiple = all-purpose.

* de uso público = publicly available.

* de uso tópico = use + topically.

* encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.

* en uso = in use.

* estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.

* estudio de uso = use study.

* facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.

* formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* frecuencia de uso = usage rate.

* gastado por el uso = worn-out.

* hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.

* hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.

* hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.

* hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.

* hacer uso = put to + use.

* hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.

* hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.

* hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.

* hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.

* hacer uso personal = make + personal use.

* haciendo uso de = by recourse to.

* herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.

* herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* incremento del uso = increased use.

* índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.

* instrucciones de uso = use instruction.

* licencia de uso = licence agreement.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.

* método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.

* multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].

* normas de uso = user policy.

* ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).

* pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.

* páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.

* rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.

* ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.

* servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.

* sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.

* sistema en uso = operational system.

* sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.

* sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.

* tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.

* uso a distancia = remote use.

* uso compartido = sharing.

* uso compartido de la información = information sharing.

* uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.

* uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].

* uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.

* uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].

* uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].

* uso de la tierra = land use.

* uso de sustancias = substance use.

* uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

* uso diario = everyday use.

* uso doméstico = domestic use.

* uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.

* uso excesivo de = greed for.

* uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.

* uso indebido = misuse.

* uso normal = normal usage.

* uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.

* uso personal = personal use.

* uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.

* uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.

* uso remoto = remote use.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.

* uso tópico = for external use only.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.

* usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

* * *

masculino

1) ( utilización)

a) (de producto, medicamento) use; (de máquina, material) use

desgastarse con el uso — to wear out with use

instrucciones para su uso — instructions for use

de uso personal — for personal use

métodos de uso extendido en... — methods widely used in...

los trenes todavía no han entrado en uso — the trains are not in service yet

hacer uso de algo — to use something

su uso prolongado puede producir dependencia — it can be habit-forming if taken over a long period

de uso externo — (Farm) for external use only

b) (de idioma, expresión) use

una expresión sancionada por el uso — (frml) an expression that has gained acceptance through usage

c) (de facultad, derecho)

en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales — in full possession of his mental faculties

hacer uso de un derecho — to exercise a right

hacer uso de la palabra — (frml) to speak

hacer uso y abuso de algo — ( de privilegio) to abuse something

se ha hecho uso y abuso de esta metáfora — this metaphor has been used time and again

2) ( de prenda)

estos zapatos tienen años de uso — I've had years of wear out of these shoes

ropa de uso diario — everyday clothes

los zapatos ceden con el uso — shoes give with wear

- uso de razón

3) (utilidad, aplicación) use

una batidora con múltiples usos — a multi-purpose mixer

4) ( usanza) custom

usos aztecas que aún sobreviven — Aztec customs which still survive

* * *

= deployment, disposition, exercise, take-up, usage, use, utilisation [utilization, -USA], utility, consumption, employment, uptake, wear, delivery.

Ex: In the context of this report any such policy would have to accept that speedy response to current problems requires the deployment of resources in favour of innovative information-driven programmes.

Ex: The process provides an effective means of controlling such serials until a final decision has been made regarding their disposition.

Ex: A poorly structured scheme requires the exercise of a good deal of initiative on the part of the indexer in order to overcome or avoid the poor structure.

Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.

Ex: Changes in usage of terms over time can also present problems = Los cambios en el uso de los términos con el transcurso del tiempo también pueden presentar problemas.

Ex: Systematic mnemonics is the use of the same notation for a given topic wherever that topic occurs.

Ex: On occasions it is necessary to adopt an order or arrangement which leads to the efficient utilisation of space.

Ex: Situations where subdivisions might have had some utility are served by the co-ordination of index terms at the search stage.

Ex: The screen display formats required by cataloguing staff may be not at all suitable for public consumption.

Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.

Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.

Ex: When in use moulds were subject to severe wear which resulted in noticeable deterioration of the surface.

Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

* alfabetización en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* aparato para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* aumento del uso = increased use.

* bloque funcional para uso internacional = international use block.

* bloque funcional para uso nacional = national use block.

* con conocimiento básico en el uso de la biblioteca = library literate [library-literate].

* con conocimiento en el uso de Internet = Internet-savvy.

* condiciones de uso = terms of use.

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* con el uso = in use, with use.

* conocimientos básicos sobre el uso de las bibliotecas = library skills.

* cubrir un uso = address + use.

* cuchillo de un solo uso = disposable knife.

* dar buen uso a Algo = put to + good use.

* dar un uso = put to + purpose.

* dar uso = put to + use.

* dar uso a = make + use of.

* de doble uso = dual-use.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* de pago según el uso = on a pay a you use basis, on a pay as you go basis.

* de poco uso = low-use.

* desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.

* desgaste por el uso = wear and tear.

* destrezas relacionadas con el uso de la información = information skills.

* de un solo uso = disposable, single-use.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* de uso cutáneo = use + topically.

* de uso externo = for external use only.

* de uso flexible = hop-on/hop-off.

* de uso frecuente = frequently-used.

* de uso general = general-use.

* de uso interno = in-house [inhouse].

* de uso múltiple = all-purpose.

* de uso público = publicly available.

* de uso tópico = use + topically.

* encuesta sobre el uso del tiempo = time-use survey.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + facultades físicas y mentales = of (a) sound mind, of (a) sound and disposing mind and memory, mentally fit, physically and mentally fit.

* en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.

* en uso = in use.

* estadísticas de uso = usage statistics, use statistics.

* estudio de uso = use study.

* facilidad de uso = usability, user-friendliness, ease of use.

* formación en el uso de la biblioteca = library literacy.

* frecuencia de uso = usage rate.

* gastado por el uso = worn-out.

* hábito de uso = usage pattern, use pattern.

* hábito de uso, patrón de uso = usage pattern.

* hacer buen uso de Algo = put to + good use.

* hacer el mejor uso de = make + the best of.

* hacer uso = put to + use.

* hacer uso de = make + use of, draw on/upon, leverage, patronise [patronize, -USA], tap into, deploy.

* hacer uso de influencias = pull + strings.

* hacer uso de recursos = tap into + resources.

* hacer uso de un conocimiento = draw on/upon + knowledge.

* hacer uso personal = make + personal use.

* haciendo uso de = by recourse to.

* herramienta de uso de Internet = Internet appliance.

* herramienta para el uso de la información = information appliance.

* impuesto sobre artículos de uso y consumo = excise tax.

* incremento del uso = increased use.

* índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.

* instrucciones de uso = use instruction.

* licencia de uso = licence agreement.

* mal uso = misuse, mishandling.

* mediante el uso de los recursos = resource-based.

* método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.

* multiuso = multi-functional, multi-use [multiuse].

* normas de uso = user policy.

* ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).

* pago según el uso = pay-per-view, pay-for-use.

* páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.

* para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.

* para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.

* para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.

* para todo uso = all-purpose.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* para uso del profesional = professional-use.

* para uso industrial = heavy-duty.

* para uso personal = for personal use.

* para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.

* plato de un solo uso = disposable plate.

* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.

* proteger Algo para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.

* recurrir al uso de = resort to + the use of.

* rentabilizar el uso = maximise + use.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.

* ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.

* servilleta de un solo uso = disposable napkin.

* sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.

* sistema en uso = operational system.

* sustancia de uso reglamentado = controlled substance.

* sustancia de uso regulado = controlled substance.

* tenedor de un solo uso = disposable fork.

* uso a distancia = remote use.

* uso compartido = sharing.

* uso compartido de la información = information sharing.

* uso compartido de mesas de trabajo = hot desking.

* uso compartido de recursos = resource sharing, time-sharing [timesharing].

* uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.

* uso de la biblioteca = library use, library usage.

* uso de la colección = stock use.

* uso de la letra cursiva = italicisation [italicization, -USA].

* uso de las mayúsculas = capitalisation [capitalization, -USA].

* uso de la tierra = land use.

* uso de sustancias = substance use.

* uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

* uso diario = everyday use.

* uso doméstico = domestic use.

* uso excesivo = prodigality, overuse.

* uso excesivo de = greed for.

* uso inadecuado = misuse, mistreatment.

* uso indebido = misuse.

* uso normal = normal usage.

* uso óptimo de los recursos = value for money.

* uso personal = personal use.

* uso público en la propia biblioteca = in-library use.

* uso razonable = fair dealing, fair use.

* uso remoto = remote use.

* usos y costumbres = customs and habits.

* usos y gratificaciones = uses and gratifications.

* uso tópico = for external use only.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.

* usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.

* * *

USO

/ˈuso/

feminine

(en Esp) = Unión Sindical Obrera

* * *

Del verbo usar: ( conjugate usar)

uso es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

usó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
usar
uso
usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo
a) ( utilizar) to use;

◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

uso algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;

◊ estos zapatos están sin uso these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;
◊ ya no se usa hacer fiestas de compromiso people don't tend to have engagement parties any more

uso sustantivo masculino
a) (de producto, medicamento, máquina) use;

◊ instrucciones para su uso instructions for use;

hacer uso de algo to use sth
b) (de facultad, derecho):

◊ en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales in full possession of his mental faculties;

hacer uso de un derecho to exercise a right;
desde que tengo uso de razón ever since I can remember;
hacer uso de la palabra (frml) to speak
c) ( de prenda):

◊ ropa de uso diario everyday clothes;

los zapatos ceden con el uso shoes give with wear
usar
I verbo transitivo
1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
II vi (utilizar) to use
uso sustantivo masculino
1 use
(aplicación) se compró el ordenador, pero no le da ningún uso, he bought the computer, but he never makes use of it
(modo de aplicación) instrucciones de uso, instructions for use
uso externo/tópico, external/local application
2 (costumbre) custom
' uso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
billón
- cada
- casarse
- como
- crema
- cuchara
- destartalar
- destino
- deterioro
- doméstica
- doméstico
- escayola
- espantosa
- espantoso
- estar
- extendida
- extendido
- externa
- externo
- gasto
- lindeza
- misma
- mismo
- mortal
- muerta
- muerto
- parecer
- permitirse
- poder
- prerrogativa
- pues
- pura
- puro
- que
- rozar
- rozarse
- sala
- si
- tal
- tópica
- tópico
- universal
- usar
- utensilio
- vaya
- ver
- verdadera
- verdadero
- vulgarización
- vulgarizar
English:
abuse
- afford
- agree
- antiallergenic
- balloon
- bed
- blind
- cease
- continue
- current
- disposable
- do
- dog-eared
- enjoy
- ever
- exclusively
- feel
- floor
- fluoride
- for
- fuck
- good
- have
- hear of
- herself
- himself
- indeed
- intend
- internal
- it
- itself
- just
- lend
- lie
- listen
- literally
- misuse
- myself
- never
- next
- nice
- not
- oneself
- only
- ourselves
- practice
- practise
- public
- quite
- ridesharing

* * *

USO ['uso] nf (abrev de Unión Sindical Obrera)

= centre-right Spanish union

* * *

USO

f abr (= Unión Sindical Obrera) Spanish trade union

* * *

uso nm

1) empleo, utilización: use

de uso personal: for personal use

hacer uso de: to make use of

2) : wear

uso y desgaste: wear and tear

3) usanza: custom, usage, habit

al uso de: in the manner of, in the style of

* * *

uso n

1. (en general) use

el plástico tiene muchos usos plastic has a lot of uses

el uso de la calculadora está prohibido en el examen the use of calculators is not permitted in the exam

el técnico me enseñó el uso del ordenador nuevo the technician showed me how to use the new computer

2. (ropa, etc) wearing

es obligatorio el uso del cinturón de seguridad seat belts must be worn

Spanish-English dictionary > uso
14 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
15 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA

d. 3 May 1969 California, USA

[br]

American pioneer of diesel rail traction.

[br]

Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

[br]

Further Reading

P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).

PJGR

Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
16 Séguin, Louis

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 1869

d. 1918

[br]

French co-designer, with his brother Laurent Séguin (b. 1883 Rhône, France; d. 1944), of the extremely successful Gnome rotary engines.

[br]

Most early aero-engines were adaptations of automobile engines, but Louis Séguin and his brother Laurent set out to produce a genuine aero-engine. They decided to build a "rotary" engine in which the crankshaft remained stationary and the cylinders rotated: the propeller was attached to the cylinders. The idea was not new, for rotary engines had been proposed by engineers from James Watt to Samuel P. Langley, rival of the Wright brothers. (An engine with stationary cylinders and a rotating crankshaftplus-propeller is classed as a "radial".) Louis Séguin formed the Société des Moteurs Gnome in 1906 to build stationary industrial engines. Laurent joined him to develop a lightweight engine specifically for aeronautical use. They built a fivecylinder air-cooled radial engine in 1908 and then a prototype seven-cylinder rotary engine. Later in the year the Gnome Oméga rotary, developing 50 hp (37 kW), was produced. This was test-flown in a Voisin biplane during June 1909. The Gnome was much lighter than its conventional rivals and surprisingly reliable in view of the technical problems of supplying rotating cylinders with the petrol-air mixture and a spark to ignite it. It was an instant success.

Gnomes were mass-produced for use during the First World War. Both sides built and flew rotary engines, which were improved over the years until, by 1917, their size had grown to such an extent that a further increase was not practicable. The gyroscopic effects of a large rotating engine became a serious handicap to manoeuvrability, and the technical problems inherent in a rotary engine were accentuated.

[br]

Bibliography

1912, L'Aérophile 20(4) (Louis Séguin's description of the Gnome).

Further Reading

C.F.Taylor, 1971, "Aircraft Propulsion", Smithsonian Annals of Flight 1(4) (an account of the evolution of aircraft piston engines).

A.Nahum, 1987, the Rotary Aero-Engine, London.

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Séguin, Louis
17 consumption

noun

1) (using up, eating, drinking) Verbrauch, der (of an + Dat.); (act of eating or drinking) Verzehr, der (of von)

consumption of fuel/sugar — Kraftstoff-/Zuckerverbrauch, der

consumption of alcohol — Alkoholkonsum, der

2) (Econ.) Verbrauch, der; Konsum, der

3) (Med. dated) Schwindsucht, die (veralt.)

* * *

noun

1) (the act of consuming: The consumption of coffee has increased.) der Verbrauch

2) (an old word for tuberculosis of the lungs.)

* * *

con·sump·tion

[kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ^ən]

n no pl

1. (using up) Verbrauch m; (using) Konsum m

energy/fuel \consumption Energie-/Benzinverbrauch m

2. (eating, drinking) Konsum m; of food also Verzehr m

fat \consumption Verzehr m von Fettmachern

to be unfit for human \consumption nicht zum menschlichen Verzehr geeignet sein

3. (purchase) Verkauf m

4. (use)

for internal \consumption zur internen Nutzung

5. no pl MED ( dated) Schwindsucht f veraltet

* * *
[kən'sʌmpSən]
n

1) (of fuel etc) Konsum m; (of food also) Verzehr m (geh); (of non-edible products) Verbrauch m

this letter is for private consumption only (inf) — der Brief ist nur für den privaten Gebrauch

not fit for human consumption — zum Verzehr ungeeignet

world consumption of oil — Weltölverbrauch m

his daily consumption of two bottles of wine — sein täglicher Konsum von zwei Flaschen Wein

2) (MED old) Auszehrung f (old), Schwindsucht f

* * *

consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃn] s

1. Verzehrung f

2. Zerstörung f

3. Verbrauch m (of an dat):

fuel consumption Brennstoffverbrauch

4. WIRTSCH Konsum m, Verbrauch m

5. Verzehr m:

(un)fit for human consumption für den menschlichen Verzehr (un)geeignet;

for public consumption fig für die Öffentlichkeit bestimmt

6. MED obs Schwindsucht f:

pulmonary consumption Lungenschwindsucht

* * *

noun

1) (using up, eating, drinking) Verbrauch, der (of an + Dat.); (act of eating or drinking) Verzehr, der (of von)

consumption of fuel/sugar — Kraftstoff-/Zuckerverbrauch, der

consumption of alcohol — Alkoholkonsum, der

2) (Econ.) Verbrauch, der; Konsum, der

3) (Med. dated) Schwindsucht, die (veralt.)

* * *

n.

Genuss -¨e m.

Verbrauch m.

English-german dictionary > consumption
18 Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. between 3 October and 15 November 1535 Vico Equense, near Naples, Italy

d. 4 February 1615 Naples, Italy

[br]

Italian natural philosopher who published many scientific books, one of which covered ideas for the use of steam.

[br]

Giambattista della Porta spent most of his life in Naples, where some time before 1580 he established the Accademia dei Segreti, which met at his house. In 1611 he was enrolled among the Oziosi in Naples, then the most renowned literary academy. He was examined by the Inquisition, which, although he had become a lay brother of the Jesuits by 1585, banned all further publication of his books between 1592 and 1598.

His first book, the Magiae Naturalis, which covered the secrets of nature, was published in 1558. He had been collecting material for it since the age of 15 and he saw that science should not merely represent theory and contemplation but must arrive at practical and experimental expression. In this work he described the hardening of files and pieces of armour on quite a large scale, and it included the best sixteenth-century description of heat treatment for hardening steel. In the 1589 edition of this work he covered ways of improving vision at a distance with concave and convex lenses; although he may have constructed a compound microscope, the history of this instrument effectively begins with Galileo. His theoretical and practical work on lenses paved the way for the telescope and he also explored the properties of parabolic mirrors.

In 1563 he published a treatise on cryptography, De Furtivis Liter arum Notis, which he followed in 1566 with another on memory and mnemonic devices, Arte del Ricordare. In 1584 and 1585 he published treatises on horticulture and agriculture based on careful study and practice; in 1586 he published De Humana Physiognomonia, on human physiognomy, and in 1588 a treatise on the physiognomy of plants. In 1593 he published his De Refractione but, probably because of the ban by the Inquisition, no more were produced until the Spiritali in 1601 and his translation of Ptolemy's Almagest in 1605. In 1608 two new works appeared: a short treatise on military fortifications; and the De Distillatione. There was an important work on meteorology in 1610. In 1601 he described a device similar to Hero's mechanisms which opened temple doors, only Porta used steam pressure instead of air to force the water out of its box or container, up a pipe to where it emptied out into a higher container. Under the lower box there was a small steam boiler heated by a fire. He may also have been the first person to realize that condensed steam would form a vacuum, for there is a description of another piece of apparatus where water is drawn up into a container at the top of a long pipe. The container was first filled with steam so that, when cooled, a vacuum would be formed and water drawn up into it. These are the principles on which Thomas Savery's later steam-engine worked.

[br]

Further Reading

Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1975, Vol. XI, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a full biography).

H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (contains an account of his contributions to the early development of the steam-engine).

C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford University Press (contains accounts of some of his other discoveries).

I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology, 2nd edn., New York: Doubleday.

G.Sarton, 1957, Six wings: Men of Science in the Renaissance, London: Bodley Head, pp. 85–8.

RLH / IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Porta, Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) della
19 domestic

də'mestik
adjective

1) (of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.) doméstico

2) (concerning one's private life or family: domestic problems.) doméstico, familiar

3) ((of animals) tame and living with or used by people.) doméstico

4) (not foreign: the Government's domestic policy.) nacional

•

- domesticated
- domestication
- domesticity
- domestic help

domestic adj

1. doméstico

domestic animals animales domésticos

2. nacional

a domestic flight un vuelo nacional

domestic

tr[də'mestɪk]

adjective

1 (of the home) doméstico,-a

■ domestic animal animal doméstico

■ domestic bliss felicidad conyugal

2 (home-loving) hogareño,-a, casero,-a

3 (news, flight) nacional; (trade, policy) interior; (affairs, policy, market) interno,-a

noun

1 empleado,-a doméstico,-a

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

domestic science economía doméstica, hogar nombre masculino

domestic service servicio doméstico

domestic violence violencia en el hogar

domestic [də'mɛstɪk] adj

1) household: doméstico, casero

2) : nacional, interno

domestic policy: política interna

3) tame: domesticado

domestic n

: empleado m doméstico, empleada f doméstica

domestic

adj.

• casero, -a adj.

• cívico, -a adj.

• doméstico, -a adj.

• intestino, -a adj.

• nacional adj.

n.

• doméstico s.m.

• familiar s.m.

• sirviente s.m.

I də'mestɪk
adjective

1)

a) ( of the home) <life/problems> doméstico

they live in domestic bliss — la felicidad de su hogar es perfecta

domestic violence — violencia f en el hogar

domestic staff — personal m doméstico or de servicio

b) ( home-loving) casero, hogareño

2) < animal> doméstico

3) (Econ, Pol) <affairs/policy/market> interno; < produce> nacional

domestic flight — vuelo m nacional

II

noun (frml) empleado doméstico, empleada doméstica m,f, doméstico, -ca m,f

[dǝ'mestɪk]
1. ADJ

1) (=household) [activities, duty, life, animal] doméstico; [fuel] de uso doméstico; [harmony, quarrel] familiar; [violence] en el hogar

for domestic use — para uso doméstico

she does domestic work for a living — trabaja como empleada del hogar or empleada doméstica

a scene of domestic bliss — una escena de felicidad familiar or doméstica

2) (=home-loving) casero, hogareño

3) (Econ, Pol) (=internal) [flight, industry, news, economy, politics] nacional; [market, consumption, policy] nacional, interior; [affairs, problems] nacional, interno

2.

N doméstico(-a) m / f, empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)

3.

CPD

domestic abuse N — violencia f doméstica

domestic appliance N — aparato m doméstico, aparato m de uso doméstico

domestic help N — empleado(-a) m / f del hogar, empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)

domestic science N — (esp Brit) (Scol) economía f doméstica, hogar m (Sp)

domestic science teacher N — (esp Brit) (Scol) profesor(a) m / f de economía doméstica, profesor(a) m / f de hogar (Sp)

domestic servant N — sirviente(-a) m / f, doméstico(-a) m / f

domestic service N — servicio m doméstico

to be in domestic service — trabajar en el servicio doméstico

domestic staff N — (in hospital, institution) personal m de servicio; (in private household) servicio m doméstico

domestic worker N — empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)

* * *

I [də'mestɪk]
adjective

1)

a) ( of the home) <life/problems> doméstico

they live in domestic bliss — la felicidad de su hogar es perfecta

domestic violence — violencia f en el hogar

domestic staff — personal m doméstico or de servicio

b) ( home-loving) casero, hogareño

2) < animal> doméstico

3) (Econ, Pol) <affairs/policy/market> interno; < produce> nacional

domestic flight — vuelo m nacional

II

noun (frml) empleado doméstico, empleada doméstica m,f, doméstico, -ca m,f

English-spanish dictionary > domestic
20 сила

1. strength, force

(мощ) power, might

(степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence

(енергия) energy, vigour, stamina

(насилие) force, violence

сила на вятъра strength of the wind

сила на светлината/на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric current

сила на притеглянето физ. attraction

сила на сцеплението физ. cohesion

сила на съпротивлението физ. resistance

сила на тежестта физ. gravity

гравитационна сила attraction of gravity

сила на глас carrying power of a voice

сила на звук volume/intensity of a sound

сила на удар shock of a blow

сила на експлозия force/shock of an explosion

сила на мускулите muscular strength

сила на болест virulence of a disease

силата на слънцето the power of the sun

физическа сила physical force, bodily strength

конска сила horse power (съкр. h. p.)

двигателна/електродвижеща/ударна сила rootive/electromotive/striking power

силата на младостта the vigour of youth

сила на волята will-power, strength of will

сила на духа strength of mind, fortitude

силата на паметта the tenacity of memory

силата на примера the power of example

жизнена сила vigour, vitality

вътрешна сила inner power

вътрешни сили internal resources

скрита сила hidden strength

скрити сили hidden forces, latent powers

груба сила brute force

употреба на сила use of force

със сила by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violence

с все/всичка сила, с всички сили violently; with all o.'s might, with might and main; for all one is worth

разг. with tooth and nail

(за звук) full blast

викам с все сила cry at the top of o.'s voice

политика от позиция на сила a-position-of-strength policy

послужвам си със сила use force, take violent action

давам сила на lend force/strength to

защитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistance

творчески сили creative powers

тъмни сили dark/sinister forces

със собствени сили by o.'s own efforts

според силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity; as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powers

правя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s power

напълно по силите на well within the reach of

не но силите на beyond the powers of; too much for

това не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me

разг. this beats me

(не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope

нямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tether

нямам сили да be too weak to

не ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked up

губя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break up

силите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way

намирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to)

не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself to

напрягам всички сили strain every muscle

хабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energies

поглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energies

изчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength of

възстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strength

събирам сили work up/gather/muster strength

пазя силите си keep o.'s strength

пестя силите си save o.'s energies

черпя сили от draw o.'s strength from

с последни сили by a last effort

напрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s

* * *

сѝла,

ж., -и 1. strength, force; forcefulness; ( мощ) power, might; ( степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence; ( енергия) energy, vigour, stamina; ( насилие) force, violence; бягам/тътря с все \силаа run/set off at full pelt; викам с все \силаа cry at the top of o.’s voice; възстановявам \силаите си restore o.’s forces/energies, recover o.’s strength; вътрешни \силаи internal resources; гравитационна \силаа физ. attraction of gravity; груба \силаа brute force; губя \силаи lose strength, grow weaker, break up; двигателна/електродвижеща/ударна \силаа motive/electromotive/striking power; жизнена \силаа vigour, vitality; защитни \силаи на организма staying power, forces/powers of resistance; изчерпвам \силаите на exhaust the power/strength of; конска \силаа horse power, съкр. h.p.; намирам \силаи в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to); напрягам всички \силаи да strain every muscle; напрягам \силаите си, работя свръх \силаите си strain o.s. (to the utmost), overtax o.s.; напълно по \силаите на well within the reach of; не ми останаха \силаи разг. I am quite knocked up; не мога да намеря \силаи да I can’t bring myself to; нямам \силаи да be too weak to; пазя \силаите си keep o.’s strength; пестя \силаите си save o.’s energies; политика от позиция на \силаата a-position-of-strength policy; правя всичко, което е по \силаите ми do everything within o.’s power; с все/всичка \силаа, с всички \силаи violently; with all o.’s might, with might and main; for all one is worth; разг. with tooth and nail, flat out; (за звук) full blast; с последни \силаи by a last effort; \силаа на болест virulence of a disease; \силаа на волята will-power, strength of will; \силаа на вятъра strength of the wind; \силаа на глас carrying power of a voice; \силаа на духа strength of mind, fortitude; \силаа на експлозия force/shock of an explosion; \силаа на звук volume/intensity of a sound; \силаа на мускулите muscular strength; \силаа на притеглянето физ. attraction; \силаа на светлината/на електрическия ток intensity of light/of an electric current; \силаа на сцеплението физ. cohesion; \силаа на съпротивлението физ. resistance; \силаа на тежестта физ. gravity; \силаа на удар shock of a blow; \силаата на паметта the tenacity of memory; \силаата на слънцето the power of the sun; \силаите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way; скрити \силаи hidden forces, latent powers; според \силаите си, доколкото ми стигат \силаите as much as one is able, according to o.’s powers, to the best of o.’s power/ability, to the utmost of o.’s capacity; as far as o.’s powers go, to the extent of o.’s power; събирам \силаи work up/gather/muster strength; със \силаа by main force, ( насилствено) forcibly, through violence; със собствени \силаи by o.’s own efforts; това не ми е по \силаите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me; разг. this beats me; I can’t hack this; (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope; тъмни \силаи dark/sinister forces; употреба на \силаа use of force; физическа \силаа physical force, bodily strength; разг. beef; elbow-grease; хабя \силаите си spend/waste o.’s strength, dissipate o.’s energy/energies; черпя \силаи от draw o.’s strength from;

2. юр. effect; force; validity; в \силаа съм (за закон и пр.) hold; be valid; be in force; влизам в \силаа come into force/effect, become effective/operative, take effect; законът е в \силаа от днес the law is effective from today; заповедта е в \силаа the order stands; нямам законна \силаа be null and void; оставам в \силаа remain valid, continue in force; по \силаата на закона on the strength of the law, under the law; по \силаата на съдебно решение/споразумение under a court order/an agreement; със законна \силаа legally binding;

3. ( изтъкнат деец, талант) talent; млади \силаи young/new talent, young energies, new blood;

4. само мн. ( група с влияние) forces; враждебни \силаи hostile powers; разпределение на \силаи alignment of forces; революционни/демократически \силаи revolutionary/democratic forces;

5. само мн. воен. forces; военновъздушни \силаи air-force, ( английски) Royal Air Force, съкр. RAF; въоръжени \силаи armed forces; главните \силаи the main body; морски/сухопътни \силаи naval/land forces; превъзхождащи \силаи superior force(s); сухопътни, морски и въздушни \силаи the fighting forces; съсредоточаване на \силаи build-up; • в \силаата си at o.’s height, (за човек и пр.) in o.’s prime; Великите \силаи истор., полит. the great powers; договарящи се \силаи contracting powers; по \силаата на by/in virtue of, on the strength of; по \силаата на обстоятелствата owing to the force of circumstances, by force of circumstances; по \силаата на това on that ground; according; by implication; производителни \силаи productive forces; работна \силаа икон. labour.

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force: use сила against - използвам сила срещу, democratic силаs - демократични сили, air-сила - военновъздушни сили; strength: He found the сила to overcome the pain. - Той намери сили да преодолее болката., You need a vacation to recover your сила. - Трябва да отидеш на почивка, за да възстановиш силите си., draw сила from - черпя сили от; power: horse сила - конска сила, She obtains inner сила.- Тя притежава вътрешна сила., staying силаs - защитни сили, electric сила - електрическа сила; might (мощ); (степен на сила): intensity; violence; vehemence; manitou (природна); acuteness; effect (юр.); energy: He works with inexhaustible сила. - Той работи с неизчерпаема сила.; impetus; medium; mightiness; muscle (мускулна); pith; potency; stringency (на довод); verve; vigour; vim (разг.); virility; virtue: by сила of the circumstances - по силата на обстоятелствата; volume (на звук)

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1. (енергия) energy, vigour, stamina 2. (за звук) full blast 3. (мощ) power, might 4. (насилие) force, violence 5. (не съм компетентен) it is beyond my reach/scope 6. (степен на сила) intensity, vehemence, violence 7. strength, force 8. СИЛА на болест virulence of a disease 9. СИЛА на волята will-power, strength of will 10. СИЛА на вятъра strength of the wind 11. СИЛА на глас carrying power of a voice 12. СИЛА на духа strength of mind, fortitude 13. СИЛА на експлозия force/shock of an explosion 14. СИЛА на звук volume/intensity of a sound 15. СИЛА на мускулите muscular strength 16. СИЛА на притеглянето физ. attraction 17. СИЛА на светлината/ на електрически ток intensity of light/of an electric current 18. СИЛА на сцеплението физ. cohesion 19. СИЛА на съпротивлението физ. resistance 20. СИЛА на тежестта физ. gravity 21. СИЛА на удар shock of a blow 22. СИЛАта на младостта the vigour of youth 23. СИЛАта на паметта the tenacity of memory 24. СИЛАта на примера the power of example 25. СИЛАта на слънцето the power of the sun 26. викам с все СИЛА cry at the top of o.'s voice 27. възстановявам силите си restore o.'s forces/energies, recover o.'s strength 28. вътрешна СИЛА inner power 29. вътрешни сили internal resources 30. гравитационна СИЛА attraction of gravity 31. грубаСИЛА brute force 32. губя сили lose strength, grow weaker, break up 33. давамСИЛА на lend force/strength to 34. двигателна/електродвижеща/ ударна СИЛА rootive/elеctromotive/striking power 35. жизнена СИЛА vigour, vitality 36. защитни сили на организма staying powers, forces/powers of resistance 37. изчерпвам силите на exhaust the power/strength of 38. конска СИЛА horse power (съкр. h. p.) 39. намирам сили в себе си find the strength, find enough strength in o.s., trust o.s., have it in one, find it in one (да to) 40. напрягам всички сили strain every muscle 41. напрягам силите си, работя свръх силите си strain o.s. 42. напълно по силите на well within the reach of 43. не ми останаха сили разг. I am quite knocked up 44. не мога да намеря сили да I can't bring myself to 45. не но силите на beyond the powers of;too much for 46. нямам вече сили, не са ми оставали сили, на края на силите си съм have no strength left, разг. be at the end of o.'s tether 47. нямам сили да be too weak to 48. пазя силите си keep o.'s strength 49. пестя силите си save o.'s energies 50. поглъщам всичките сили на някого absorb all o.'s energies 51. политика от позиция на СИЛА a-position-of-strength policy 52. послужвам си със СИЛА use force, take violent action 53. правя всичко, което ми е по силите do everything within o.'s power 54. разг. this beats me 55. разг. with tooth and nail 56. с все/всичка СИЛА, с всички сили violently;with all o.'s might, with might and main;for all one is worth 57. с последни сили by a last effort 58. силите ми ме напускат my strength is failing me/is giving way 59. скрита СИЛА hidden strength 60. скрити сили hidden forces, latent powers 61. според силите си, доколкото ми стигат силите as much as one is able, according to o.'s powers, to the best of o.'s power/ability, to the utmost of o.'s capacity;as far as o.'s powers go, to the extent of o.'s powers 62. събирам сили work up/gather/ muster strength 63. със СИЛА by main force, (насилствено) forcibly, through violence 64. със собствени сили by о.'s own efforts 65. творчески сили creative powers 66. това не ми е по силите I am not equal to/not up to this, it is beyond my powers, it is too much for me 67. тъмни сили dark/sinister forces 68. употреба на СИЛА use of force 69. физическа СИЛА physical force, bodily strength 70. хабя силите си spend/waste o.'s strength, dissipate o.'s energy/energies 71. черпя сили от draw o.'s strength from

Български-английски речник > сила

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